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<p>tip near ground and ring at -48&nbsp;V.</p>

<p><big> In the United States </big></p>
<p>In 1878, the <a href="page.php?w=Bell_System">Bell Telephone Company</a> began using two-wire circuits, called the <a href="page.php?w=local_loop">local loop</a>, from each user's telephone to <a href="page.php?w=Telephone_exchange">end office</a>s, which performed any necessary electrical switching to allow voice signals to be transmitted to more distant telephones.</p>

<p>These wires were typically <a href="page.php?w=copper">copper</a>, although <a href="page.php?w=aluminium">aluminium</a></p><p>
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