D. portschinskii all hybridize with each other in their hybrid zone; however, hybridization is stronger between D. portschinskii and D. rudis, which separated earlier but live in similar habitats than between D. valentini and two other species, which separated later but live in climatically different habitats.

Marine organisms

It is widely thought that parapatric speciation is far more common in oceanic species due to the low probability of the presence of full geographic barriers (required

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