Biological mutagens are introduced through exposure to viruses, bacteria, and/or transposons and insertion sequences (IS). Transposons and IS can move through DNA by 'jumping,' disrupting the functionality of chromosomal DNA. The insertion of viral DNA can lead to genetic disruption, while bacteria may produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause inflammation and DNA damage, resulting in decreased repair efficiency.

Sporadic cancers are those that develop due to mutations that are not