cited in connection with chemical exposures. Effects of exposure may result in shorter body length, lower body mass and malformations of limbs or other organs. The slow development, late morphological change, and small metamorph size result in increased risk of mortality and exposure to predation.

Crustaceans

Crayfish have also been hypothesized as being suitable bioindicators, under the appropriate conditions. One example of use is an examination of accumulation of microplastics

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