applied to the virgin martyr saints Tatiana and Hripsime, according to their stories.

Byzantine Empire and commonwealth

The blinding as a punishment is recorded in Byzantium since the 8th century. Prior to this, nose-cutting was a punishment recorded since 641, but which fell out of use, with the last event being the cutting of the nose of Justinian II in 695. Nose-cutting was a tradition adopted from the East, with

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