in the bark, as opposed to the wood. In the spring, aecia break through the bark covering the galls. Galls that form on branches of older pine trees cause only a little damage. Although infected seedlings could have severely stunted growth or even die off.

Distribution

Cronartium quercuum is found throughout North, Central, and South America, the Caribbean, and Asia. In North America, C. quercuum is found in Canada, the United States, and Mexico. C. quercuum is typically found in the eastern United States, spreading as

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