topics such as religion, art, science, democracy, and social justice, as these are by their nature "essentially contested" fields that require diverse tools particular to each field beforehand in order to interpret topics from those subjects. When scholars talk about "religion," "art," "science," "democracy," etc., there is no one definition of such terms that is generally accepted, and thus they are essentially contested by default among scholars.

Identifying the presence of a dispute

Although Gallie's term is widely used to

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