namely the "warm jet", the "cold jet" and the "sting jet". These phenomena vary in terms of physical mechanisms, atmospheric structure, spatial extent, duration, severity level, predictability and location relative to cyclone and fronts.

On average, these storms cause economic damage of around EUR1.9 billion per year and insurance losses of EUR1.4 billion per year (1990-1998). They cause the highest amount of natural catastrophe insurance loss in Europe.

Cyclogenesis

North Atlantic Oscillation

The state

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