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associated with fear are consistently found to be shared with other negative, highly arousing emotional states such as anger, sadness, disgust, and anxiety. A more scientifically defensible product of evolution is flexibility, or the capacity to both change bodily states and address bodily needs through various behaviors, and, later, for humans, through language too (e.g., by employing categories like "fear"). Attributing fear to animals, whether an invertebrate or vertebrate, is equally problematic because the human observer is always imposing

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