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records and artworks starting in the Zhou dynasty (1046-256 BC). The oldest written sources reveal the Chinese were using the kuan (a reed instrument) and xiao (an end-blown flute, often of bamboo) in the 12th-11th centuries BC, followed by the chi (or ch'ih) in the 9th century BC and the yüeh in the 8th century BC. Of these, the bamboo chi is the oldest documented transverse flute.

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