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use of Portuguese artillery. In February 1632, Kong and Geng mutinied at Wuqiao, took over Dengzhou, established a rebel regime in the city (Kong was named "king"), and attempted to seize other towns in eastern Shandong, but were eventually driven out by a Ming relief force. In May 1633, they crossed the Bohai Gulf back to Liaodong and surrendered to Hong Taiji (1592-1643), the Jurchen Khan and future emperor of the Qing dynasty.

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