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beginning in the late 1930s. English writer Gerald Butler was referred to as the "English James M. Cain", and his characters were noted as hardboiled. Its heyday was in 1930s-50s America.

History

From its earliest days, hardboiled fiction was published in and closely associated with so-called pulp magazines. Pulp historian Robert Sampson argues that Gordon Young's "Don Everhard" stories

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