material remains that he unearthed at Hastinapur. This led him to historicize some of the traditions mentioned in the Mahabharata as well as link the appearance of the Painted Grey Ware with Aryans in the upper Ganges basin areas.

Earliest period: to 500 BCE

The original excavations in the 1950s suggested that the site of Hastinapur appears to have been abandoned and reoccupied several times; but subsequent excavation in 2021-22 suggested instead that the site had

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