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armed conflicts. Jihadism rose in prominence after the 1990s; by one estimate, 5 percent of civil wars involved jihadist groups in 1990, but this grew to more than 40 percent by 2014. With the rise of the Islamic State (IS) militant group in 2014--which a large contingent of Jihadist groups have opposed--large numbers of foreign Muslim volunteers came from abroad to join the

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