under attack by the combined forces of Cao and Liu, resulting in his defeat at the Battle of Xiapi in 199. He was captured and executed on Cao Cao's order.

Although Lü Bu is depicted in both historical and literary sources as an exceptionally formidable warrior, he was also notorious for his volatile temperament and political unreliability, traits that contributed to his downfall. His life is dramatized in the 14th-century novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms,