The last trimester of pregnancy the fetus is expressing active amino acid transport, calcium, lipid transfer, and glucose facilitated diffusion. Delivery of the premature infant requires higher energy expenditure, but with inadequate intake the infant will have negative nitrogen balance. There are higher needs for Calcium, Phosphorus, and Vitamin D.

Early nutrition and cognitive outcome

For every 10 kcal/kg increase in energy intake in the first week of life, there is a 4.6 point increase in MDI (Mental Development Index) at

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