official exchange rate was double to 2,000 wén to 1 liang.

During the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor, the government of the Qing dynasty was forced to re-introduce paper money, among the paper money it produced were the Hubu Guanpiao (????) silver notes that were denominated in liangs.

The forced opening of China during the Qing dynasty created a number of treaty ports

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