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towards the end of the Qianlong Emperor's reign. His father, Lin Binri ???, served as an official under the Qing government. His family was from a declining land holding clan, and generations of the family had been progressively bankrupted by preparing for the civil services examination. Lin Binri himself had allegedly ruined his eyesight fruitlessly preparing for this examination and he put his sons through the same preparation in hopes of reviving his family fortune. Lin Zexu was the second son

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