1.Previous
3.Next

It also declared a ruler the Son of Heaven (??; Tianzi), giving them the right to rule "all under heaven" (??; Tianxià). Given the Mandate's subjective nature, rulers also utilized a variety of methods to retain support and justify their accession. This ranged from military enforcement, political patronage, establishing peace and solidity, institutional reform, and historical revisionism

1.Previous
3.Next