Manuel I (in 1514) and João III concerning the moenipango mwene Mpangu and twice concerning the moinebata. Mani was used to mean not only "king" but also anyone holding authority, so provincial and sub-provincial officials also were called mani. Afonso did not entitle himself Manikongo, but rather rei de congo (king of Kongo).

Subjects were required to prostrate themselves before the Manikongo,