at 8.2% of the population in 2021.

The lowlands in the centre of Monmouthshire are gently undulating, and shaped by the River Usk and its tributaries. The west of the county is hilly, and the Black Mountains in the north-west are part of the Brecon Beacons National Park. The border with England in the east largely follows the course of the River Wye and its tributary,