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11th-century argument is a cornerstone of Western scholasticism, it was preceded by the "Proof of the Truthful" (Burhan al-Siddiqin) developed by Ibn Sina (Avicenna) in the early 11th century. Unlike Anselm's purely conceptual approach, Ibn Sina's proof is built on a logical framework of contingency and necessity. He argued that since the collection of all "possible beings" (entities that require a cause for their existence) must

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