ideal of rationality captured in the motto of the Royal Society - 'Nullius in verba (Into the word of no one)'. The Royal Society interprets this as "take nobody's word for it." Crudely put, the question is: 'How can testimony give us knowledge when we have no reasons of our own?'

Coady suggests that there are two approaches to this problem:
*Reductivism, which seeks to 'reduce' or re-describe our behaviour such that it is not at odds with the traditional view of knowledgeand
*Anti-reductivism,