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instabilities described by kinetic theory can contain aspects such as finite Larmor radius (FLR) effects and resonant wave-particle interactions, which is not captured in fluid models such as MHD.

Plasma instabilities

Plasma instabilities can be divided into two general groups:
#hydrodynamic instabilities
#kinetic instabilities.

Plasma instabilities are also categorized into different modes (e.g. with reference to a particle beam):

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