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n, then x is a unit (invertible) whose inverse is . That is, x and n are coprime.
* If x is a unit, then it is a (primitive) kth root of unity modulo n, where k is the multiplicative order of x modulo n.
* If x is a kth root of unity and is not a zero divisor, then , because
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Number of kth roots

For the lack of a widely accepted symbol, we denote the number of kth roots of unity modulo n by

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