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often given women from the imperial Aisin Gioro family in marriage while the ordinary soldiers who defected were often given non-royal Manchu women as wives. Nurhaci married one of his granddaughters to the Ming general Li Yongfang after the latter surrendered Fushun in Liaoning to the Manchus in 1618. The offspring of Li received the "Third Class Viscount" title. In retaliation, a year later, a Ming punitive

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