client lordships, and diplomatic relations. They were intermittently allied with or opposed to the Earls of Desmond and later interacted with the English Crown during the Tudor conquest of Ireland. While contemporary Irish sources typically styled the ruler of Carbery as Mac Carthaigh Riabhach, European genealogists and historians--particularly in French and Spanish works--frequently rendered the position as Prince of Carbery to reflect the scale and autonomy of the lordship.

Decline and dispossession

Following the Desmond

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