from an initial state and input, a computation occurs at each step, eventually producing output and terminating. The transition between states can be non-deterministic; randomized algorithms incorporate random input.

Etymology

Around 825 AD, Persian scientist and polymath Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi wrote kitab al-hisab al-hindi ("Book of Indian computation") and kitab al-jam' wa'l-tafriq al-hisab al-hindi

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