cells. The osmotic pressure exerted by the appressorium can reach up to 8 MPa (80 bars), which allows it to puncture the plant cuticle. This pressure is achievable due to a melanin-pigmented cell wall which is impermeable to compounds larger than water molecules, so the highly-concentrated ions cannot escape from it.

Formation

The attachment of a fungal spore on the surface of the host plant is the first critical step of infection. Once the spore is hydrated, an adhesive mucilage

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