::b. She has given her best shot. - have, from which has is inflected, is an auxiliary used in expressing the perfect aspect of give.

::c. He cogido tu lápiz. - he is an auxiliary accompanying the infinitive coger, used here to form a verb phrase, the perfect present in Spanish.
:::(I) have grabbed your pencil = 'I have taken your pencil.'

::d. Das wurde mehrmals gesagt. - werden, from which wurde is inflected, become is an auxiliary used to build the passive voice in German.

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