word 'bashura[h]' as used in 13th-century chronicles to mean barbican, a defensive structure placed ahead of a gate but this has been debunked, 'bashura' denoting rather an entire section of the outer fortifications, which may include a barbican but also a bastion, gate, tower or all of these.

South Asia

Barbicans were also used in South Asian fortifications to protect the main gate from being rammed by war elephants.

East Asia

Fortifications in East Asia

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