has spread beyond the cervix.

HPV vaccination is the most cost-effective public health measure against cervical cancer. HPV vaccines protect against two to seven high-risk strains of this family of viruses and may prevent up to 90% of cervical cancers. By the end of 2024, 147 countries provided the HPV vaccine in their national immunization schedule for girls. As of 2022, 47 countries also did it for boys. As they do not prevent all cervical cancer, guidelines recommend