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in which practitioners walk clockwise around a sacred object or space as an embodied form of reverence, recollection, and cultivation. In early Indian Buddhism, circumambulation was most commonly performed around stupas containing relics of the Buddha or eminent monks, with the clockwise direction symbolizing conformity to the cosmic and moral order. This practice spread throughout the Buddhist world and was adapted to local architectural and institutional contexts. In monastic settings, circumambulation came to

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