crack growth, which after repeated loading cycles, can gradually grow a crack until final failure occurs by exceeding the fracture toughness.

Material variation

Fracture toughness varies by approximately 4 orders of magnitude across materials. Metals hold the highest values of fracture toughness and ceramics holds the lowest. Cracks cannot easily propagate in tough materials, making metals highly resistant to cracking under stress and gives their stress-strain curve a large zone

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