residence, social, and ceremonial purposes.

Evolution

During the late 8th century, Mesa Verdeans started building square pit structures that archeologists call protokivas. They were typically 3 or 4 feet deep and 12 to 20 feet 0 in diameter. By the mid-10th and early 11th centuries, these had evolved into smaller circular structures called kivas, which were usually 12 to 15 feet 0 across. Mesa Verde-style kivas included a feature from earlier times called a sipapu,

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