methods. Although its chemical composition shares some features with collagen and keratin, spongin is a distinct biopolymer characterized by halogenated amino acids, primary bromine, with smaller amounts of iodine and chlorine. Additionally, the presence of xylose and significant mineralization with calcium carbonates and silica further differentiates spongin from collagen and keratin.

Collagen-like characteristics

Spongin and collagen exhibit comparable filament structure, both displaying a hierarchical organization of nanofibrils,

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