:These include:
::*Weight of the body, passengers, and cargo loads.
::*Vertical and torsional twisting transmitted by going over uneven surfaces
::*Transverse lateral forces caused by road conditions, side wind, and steering of the vehicle
::*Torque from the engine and transmission
::*Longitudinal tensile forces from starting and acceleration, as well as compression from braking
::*Sudden impacts from collisions

Frame rails

Typically,

1.Previous
3.Next