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and viruses. The broom growths may last for many years, typically for the life of the host plant. If twigs of witch's brooms are grafted onto normal rootstocks, freak trees result, showing that the attacking organism has changed the inherited growth pattern of the twigs. Hemiparasitism by the dwarf mistletoes species in genus Arceuthobium are noted to induce witch's broom formation in parasitized branches of pines and cypresses.

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