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of the continental shelf of the Australian continent. During the past 18,000 to 10,000 years, rising sea levels overflowed the lowlands and separated the continent into today's low-lying arid to semi-arid mainland and the two mountainous islands of New Guinea and Tasmania. With a total land area of 8.56 e6km2, the Australian continent is the smallest, lowest, flattest, and second-driest continent (after Antarctica) on Earth.

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