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of Bilyar during the Mongol invasion, the former capital lost its status due to the Mongol policy prohibiting the reconstruction of capitals. It lay outside the ulus itself, but had direct Mongol presence. The Mongols eliminated the existing socio-political structure of the Volga Bolgars. Volga Bulgaria became decentralized as a result and the new city of Kazan, known as Bolgar-al-Jadid ("the new Bolgar"), became prominent. The taxation of regions such as Bolgar, Khwarizm, Crimea and Azerbaijan filled the Golden

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