non-ideological collaboration. Collaboration described cooperation, sometimes passive, with a victorious power.

Hoffmann saw collaboration as either involuntary, a reluctant recognition of necessity, or voluntary, opportunistic, or greedy. He also categorized collaborationism as "servile", attempting to be useful, or "ideological", full-throated advocacy of the occupier's ideology.

Western Europe

Belgium

Belgium was invaded by Nazi Germany in May 1940

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