with issues such as local cross-border spatial planning or transport policy, in the 1960s and 1970s various bi-lateral and multi-lateral governmental commissions were established without granting access to local authorities (Aykaç 1994). They dealt with issues such as local cross-border spatial planning and transport policy.

But over the last 30 years, the scope for non-central governments (NCGs) to co-operate across borders has widened considerably. To a large degree, this can be related