influence grew, they maintained Persian ethics, ideals and social norms which were later reawakened during medieval times in Islamic Persia.

Islamic era

In early Islamic texts, the dehqans function almost as local rulers under the Arab domain and the term was sometimes juxtaposed with marzaban ("marcher-lord, governor"). By the 11th century, the dehqans were landowners or directly involved in agriculture; either the planting or the management of the land. Aside from their political and social

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