"evil", the words used for good and evil in Islamic philosophy are husn and qubh. In its most common usage, ma?ruf is "in accordance with the custom", while munkar (singular nukr), which has no place in the custom, is the opposite. In today's religious expression, ma?ruf is best translated as sunnah and munkar as bid'a. (a related topic: Istihsan)

Depending on the translation from the Quran, the