before further synthesis, realignment occurs that can potentially result in a base substitution.

Mechanisms

Nucleotide selectivity

DNA polymerases are estimated to make an error every 10³-10⁶ nucleotides polymerized.

Proofreading

Proofreading improves the fidelity of DNA synthesis by a factor of 10²-10³. Transition errors are less efficiently proofread than transversion errors.

Mismatch repair

Postreplicative DNA mismatch repair, otherwise

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