turned short e into the following sounds:

} of the singular is replaced by the 'long' in the plural. (Note the relationship of consonant doubling to vowel length, which is explained at Dutch orthography). The pattern is therefore: breken brak (braken) gebroken ("to break")

Regular class 4 roots (e:-?-a:-o:): , , , , , .

Class 4 roots with 'o(o)' in the preterite (e:-o:-o:-o:): ', ' and ' ("to hurt, to sore").

Anomalous roots:
* The present

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