eventually becoming Khan of all united Mongol tribes (an event formalised in 1206).

Jamukha was ultimately less successful than Temüjin in building a broad and resilient coalition. For example, Jamukha tended to rely on traditional tribal aristocracy and did not actively recruit commoners or shepherds who lacked high tribal status. In contrast, Temüjin's willingness to promote based on merit and loyalty attracted a wider following, allowing him to recover from earlier military setbacks (some inflicted by Jamukha himself) and eventually