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due to emigration from rural areas and not from growth of the towns and cities. Land in Ireland was concentrated into relatively few hands, many of them absentee landlords. In 1870, 50% of the island was owned by 750 families. Between 1850 and 1870, landlords extracted £340 million in rent--far exceeding tax receipts for the same period--of which only 4-5% was reinvested. This led landlords to take on a role of non-productive managers within the

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