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Byzantine artisans. In 1057, Pope Victor II recognised the abbot of Monte Cassino as having precedence over all other abbots. Many monks rose to become bishops and cardinals, and three popes were drawn from the abbey: Stephen IX (1057-58), Victor III (1086-87) and Gelasius II (1118-19). During this period, a monastic chronicle, ', was written by two of its own, Cardinal Leo of Ostia

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