advances of the French troops in the ''Rampjaar'' 1672, providing the Dutch with the needed time to gain the upper hand.

Portugal

From the early 19th century to World War II, Lisbon was considered the national redoubt of Portugal. Besides being the capital, the largest city and the major port of the country, Lisbon was considered the last defensible redoubt in case of an invasion of Portugal by a major power. During this period, successive systems of defense were implemented.

The first

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